(5)...a. ...particularly side-passes have had a part in perfecting the horse's balance...
(5)...b. ...not only by the interaction (...das Ineinandergreifen...) of inner and outside aids, but also by the effects of reins and legs, which bearing on the horse's body diagonally and in counter directions, induce precise lateral adjustments...
(5)...c. ...As a result hind and front legs draw nearer and a degree of collection is achieved, which permits the shortening of gaits in all three paces...
(6)...a. ...it was recommended to practice side-passes in the outdoors school at only moderate angles. The rider, in this phase of training, hence does best to content himself with trot postitons (...Trabstellung, i.e. the shoulder-fore...) and canter postitions (...Galoppstellung, i.e. the croup-fore) and not demand proper shoulder-ins and croup-ins... The degree of collection in horizontal balance (...der Gleichgewichtsrichtung...) is not adequate for any sound practice of proper side-passes...
(6)...b. ...once one wants to progess towards the upper school, however, collection must be increased, which then will permit the schooling of side-passes in their perfect form. An additional shortening of steps will be required and one thus arrives at a tempo/impulsion/form which, due to increased inflections of the haunches, is called the school walk, the school trot and the school canter...